As I understand, you ask about the basic vocabulary in philosophy. IMO some of the most important terms are the following:
Ontological, epistemic, a priori, analytic, transcendent, infinite, referent of a concept, propositional logic, mind, conscious, God, absolute, real, true, metaphysical, deterministic.
It is not necessary to master all meanings of these terms. That’s often a whole spectrum. But one should have a precise definition at one’s dispoaldisposal and use it in a consequent and consistent manner.
A good start is to look up these terms first in wikipedia and then in an online encyclopedia like Plato Stanford or IEP.