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Mauro ALLEGRANZA
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whith the ExcludedLaw of Excluded Middle : A⊢ φ¬A¬φ, that is provable from Double Negation (or Rule of Indirect Proof or Proof by Contradiction) : ¬¬φ ⊢ φ,(¬¬E).

I'll use the natural deduction rules of :

  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by &E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by &E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. (A → B) & (B → A) --- from 7) and 9) by &I

  8. A ↔ B --- from 10) by ↔I

  9. C --- from 11) and 1) by →E

  10. ⊥ --- from 4) and 12) by ¬E : φ, ¬φ ⊢ ⊥

  11. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 13) by ¬I : if φ ⊢ ⊥, then ⊢ ¬φ, discharging [a]

10b) A ↔ B --- from 10) by ↔I

  1. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  2. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  3. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 13) by ∨I
  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 14) by ∨I

(A ↔ B) → C, ¬ C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 4)-1415)

Thus, by Excluded MiddleLEM : C ∨ ¬C, we can conclude with :

whith Excluded Middle : A¬A, that is provable from Double Negation (or Rule of Indirect Proof) : (¬¬E).

  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by &E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by &E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. (A → B) & (B → A) --- from 7) and 9) by &I

10b) A ↔ B --- from 10) by ↔I

  1. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  2. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  3. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 13) by ∨I

(A ↔ B) → C, ¬ C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 4)-14)

Thus, by Excluded Middle : C ∨ ¬C, we can conclude with :

whith the Law of Excluded Middle : ⊢ φ¬φ, that is provable from Double Negation (or Rule of Indirect Proof or Proof by Contradiction) : ¬¬φ ⊢ φ,(¬¬E).

I'll use the natural deduction rules of :

  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by &E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by &E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. (A → B) & (B → A) --- from 7) and 9) by &I

  8. A ↔ B --- from 10) by ↔I

  9. C --- from 11) and 1) by →E

  10. ⊥ --- from 4) and 12) by ¬E : φ, ¬φ ⊢ ⊥

  11. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 13) by ¬I : if φ ⊢ ⊥, then ⊢ ¬φ, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 14) by ∨I

(A ↔ B) → C, ¬ C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 4)-15)

Thus, by LEM : C ∨ ¬C, we can conclude with :

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Mauro ALLEGRANZA
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  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by →E&E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by →E&E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. A ↔(A → B --- from 7) and 9) by ↔I

  8. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  9. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  10. ¬& (A & BB → A) --- from 57) and 129) by →I, discharging [a]&I

10b) A ↔ B --- from 10) by ↔I

  1. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  2. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  3. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by →E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by →E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. A ↔ B --- from 7) and 9) by ↔I

  8. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  9. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  10. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by &E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by &E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. (A → B) & (B → A) --- from 7) and 9) by &I

10b) A ↔ B --- from 10) by ↔I

  1. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  2. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  3. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

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Mauro ALLEGRANZA
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We can prove :

[(A ↔ B) → C] ⊢ [¬ (A & B) ∨ C]

whith Excluded Middle : A ∨ ¬A, that is provable from Double Negation (or Rule of Indirect Proof) : (¬¬E).


(A ↔ B) → C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C

Proof :

  1. (A ↔ B) → C --- premise

  2. C --- assumed

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 2) by ∨I
  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by →E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by →E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. A ↔ B --- from 7) and 9) by ↔I

  8. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  9. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  10. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 13) by ∨I

Now we have :

(A ↔ B) → C, C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 2)-3)

and :

(A ↔ B) → C, ¬ C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 4)-14)

Thus, by Excluded Middle : C ∨ ¬C, we can conclude with :

(A ↔ B) → C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C by ∨E.



For : ¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊢ (A ↔ B) → C

we cannot prove it, because it is not valid.

Assume a valuation V such that V(A)=V(B)=V(C)=f.

We have that : V(A & B)=tf and thus V(¬ (A & B) C)=V(t f)=ft.

But with the above valuation, : V(A & B)=ft and thus V(¬ (A & B) C)=V(t f)=tf.

Thus :

¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊭ (A ↔ B) → C

and so :

¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊬ (A ↔ B) → C .

We can prove :

[(A ↔ B) → C] ⊢ [¬ (A & B) ∨ C]

whith Excluded Middle : A ∨ ¬A, that is provable from Double Negation (or Rule of Indirect Proof) : (¬¬E).


(A ↔ B) → C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C

Proof :

  1. (A ↔ B) → C --- premise

  2. C --- assumed

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 2) by ∨I
  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by →E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by →E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. A ↔ B --- from 7) and 9) by ↔I

  8. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  9. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  10. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 13) by ∨I

Now we have :

(A ↔ B) → C, C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 2)-3)

and :

(A ↔ B) → C, ¬ C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 4)-14)

Thus, by Excluded Middle : C ∨ ¬C, we can conclude with :

(A ↔ B) → C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C by ∨E.



For : ¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊢ (A ↔ B) → C

we cannot prove it, because it is not valid.

Assume a valuation V such that V(A)=V(B)=V(C)=f.

We have that V(A B)=t and thus V((A B) C)=V(t f)=f.

But with the above valuation, V(A & B)=f and thus V(¬ (A & B) C)=V(t f)=t.

Thus :

¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊭ (A ↔ B) → C

and so :

¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊬ (A ↔ B) → C .

We can prove :

[(A ↔ B) → C] ⊢ [¬ (A & B) ∨ C]

whith Excluded Middle : A ∨ ¬A, that is provable from Double Negation (or Rule of Indirect Proof) : (¬¬E).


(A ↔ B) → C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C

Proof :

  1. (A ↔ B) → C --- premise

  2. C --- assumed

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 2) by ∨I
  1. ¬ C --- assumed

  2. A & B --- assumed [a]

  3. A --- from 5) by →E

  4. B → A --- from 6) by →I

  5. B --- from 5) by →E

  6. A → B --- from 8) by →I

  7. A ↔ B --- from 7) and 9) by ↔I

  8. C --- from 10) and 1) by →E

  9. ⊥ --- from 4) and 11) by →E

  10. ¬ (A & B) --- from 5) and 12) by →I, discharging [a]

  1. ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 13) by ∨I

Now we have :

(A ↔ B) → C, C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 2)-3)

and :

(A ↔ B) → C, ¬ C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C --- from 4)-14)

Thus, by Excluded Middle : C ∨ ¬C, we can conclude with :

(A ↔ B) → C ⊢ ¬ (A & B) ∨ C by ∨E.



For : ¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊢ (A ↔ B) → C

we cannot prove it, because it is not valid.

Assume a valuation V such that V(A)=V(B)=V(C)=f.

We have that : V(A & B)=f and thus V(¬ (A & B) C)=V(t f)=t.

But with the above valuation : V(A B)=t and thus V((A B) C)=V(t f)=f.

Thus :

¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊭ (A ↔ B) → C

and so :

¬ (A & B) ∨ C ⊬ (A ↔ B) → C .

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