All Questions

In epistemic logic, axiom 4 says that if I know p, then I know that I know p. What is the philosophical value of such an axiom?

The self and its illusory nature has become a central focus in modern philosophy and has been a concern in Eastern philosophy historically. It may be said that the overall system governing all things ...

Defining Consiusness as the mind part of the Mind–body problem, and Sentience as the capacity to experience feelings and sensations. If some individual have sentience then that individual have ...

If everyone had a genius IQ; there would be no such thing as smart anymore. Everyone would be “smart” and everyone would be quirky and eccentric. Birth rates may drop because highly intelligent people ...

Is it paradoxical to think of infinite realities? I ask because if there are an infinite number of realities, wouldn't one of those realities be one in which no other realities exist, where there is ...

For example, assuming someone figured out how to bypass all physical limitations, they would never be able to have more than infinity for any physical quantity. Even if you multiplied infinity by any ...

I feel like it must mean the following: IF A, B, C and/or D (A, B, C, and D) and (A, B, C, or D) And I feel like it must not mean each of them individually and all of their combinations ((A), (B), (C),...

All equalities by definition require two different things. In 1+1=2, we presume that 1=1. However, although the two different 1's in 1=1 can either refer to a single object or two objects which we ...

Mathematics & Logic are disiplines that starting from a base set of axioms use deductive reasoning to conclude a stament as truth in the terms of that starting set of axioms. I argue that analityc ...

Scientism is the claim that science is the only source of knowledge. I was reading a article about scientism that argues that the PFT is needed to science. We can conclude, therefore, that the PFT is ...

I've been wondering about this. The textbook ''Language, Proof and Logic'' defines a first-order validity as the following: ''A sentence of FOL is a first-order validity if it is a logical truth when ...

Can all things be classified as "alive" or "not alive?" For example, a cup is not alive, and a person can be alive, but a corpse is not alive. Is the status of life (or otherwise) ...

How to show that A V B can be constructed from A and B, using --> only(using conditional only)

I want to learn something about mathematical logic just for further analytical philosophy studying，then how far should I learn mathematical logic? Are there any study materials with great mathematical ...

Suppose knocking over a glass has the direct result of making fall. If you knock over a glass, will it fall, no matter what?

There is some position that the first Godel's incompleteness theorem does refute the possibility of finding a Theory of Everything. But the first Godel's incompleteness theorem stands: In every formal ...

Most apparent facts are irremediably vague. For instance: "The chair in this room is red" may appear at first glance to be a statement that is either true or false. But in fact the meanings ...

I want to know what Plotinus' gradualism is exactly about. I've heard in a lecture about Augustine being inspired by that theory, but can't seem to find anything about this. Is this gradualism just ...

Turing's machine is a generalisation of the concept of 'computation'. 'Formal logic' seems to be some sort of form of 'computation'. How are reasoning, computation, and formal logic related? Are forms ...

Most people and most philosophers seem to strongly believe in causation. I would like understand what philosophers have to say about how to go from believing in just patterns to causes too. Are the ...

I am aware that the question is somewhat vague, but I am trying to locate where in Locke's writings the argument about identity – exemplified with him repairing his socks again and again – is to be ...

I have read that there are three types of probability: epistemic, credence and physical. It is not clear at all to me what are epistemic probabilities and how they differ with credence. Moreover, I am ...

Can anyone help me give a derivation for the argument above?

I have asked a question about On Liberty by J.S. Mill in English Language & Usage Stack Exchange here. However, I realized that it is not only the problem of grammar, but also that of political ...

The basic question for nihilism (as I understand) is "Why do I exist?" As they try to deny it. I was wondering that this is not a well defined concept. The argument is as follows, I exist ...

Are there any suggestions to go through the foundations and logic of mathematics step by step. I understand that there are lot of resources to go through but I keep losing motivation as these are ...

In system K, ◇A is defined to mean ~◻~A. Therefore, it is very tempting to conclude ◇◇A means ~◻~~◻~A. But I am not certain whether this is valid conclusion to make, because in ◇◇A, the main operator ...

We understand what philosophy is and we understand what metaphilosophy is. Metaphilosophy is considered a field of inquiry within philosophy with a decently defined scope. Notice also metaphilosophy ...

Heidegger makes the distinction between the ontic (concerning beings themselves) and the ontological (the being of beings, being as such). Would it be wise to say that the ontic covers the contingent ...

To elaborate on my question: To argue that a good will is the only thing that is good without limitation, Kant must argue that all other good things are not good without limitation. To do this, doesn'...

I have studied Spinoza, so you don't need to explain that part. For some reason, explanations of Russell on the internet don't get into my head, that's why I've come here.

Assumption 1: Existence has a cause(Causality) Assumption 2: Causality exists Because causality exists, there is a cause for causality to exist. The cause of the existence of causality is also ...

I would always wonder if the world (in general the physical form of universe) around us a myth and the only truth that exists is the absolute me. The ideas comes to me, the thoughts comes to me. For ...

Praxeology is the method of the Austrian School of Ecnonomics. The Austrian School of Economics claims that Economics is a branch of phiolosophy [1], and because this uses the branch of the philosophy ...

Aclarations Scientism (Science as Ideology) is the philosophical thesis that claims tha the emphirical science is at least the best source of knowledge. There are two kinds of scientism: Strong ...

I would say that an algorithm is a private case of model because it describes how something generally works --- just mathematically.

Is it morally or ethically justified to commodify animals (i.e., such as the tiger temple when it was a thing)? Should humans treat animals' ends (telos) with as much respect as we do ourselves? ...

The common idea is that, on one hand we have "I don't have X", on the other hand we have "I have X, but X has some its quality equal to zero, making it to behave the same way as if it ...

Kuhn considers "puzzle-solving" to be a feature of normal science, i.e., attempts to solve problems that, according to a paradigm, are supposed to be solvable within certain constraints. He ...

How does extrapolation relate to abduction, deduction, or induction? Scilicet, does abduction, deduction, or induction fully encompass extrapolation? Same question for interpolation. Does abduction, ...

Which of the following are features of a true Euclidean triangle that exemplify its status as a Platonic Form? Is it can be known only by the intellect? Is it objective? Is it invisible? Is it ...

Let's say that I have a group of people (group A) that want something, they have an overarching goal, but they don't completely realize it, and are at risk of losing sight of that goal. If this goal ...

Example: Buckling of a rod: It is easy to know the previous position of a buckled rod, but it is impossible to predict the direction of buckling from the unbuckled position. Does causality play any ...

I was listening to a lecture by John Searle on philosophy of language and he mentions the classifications: analytic/synthetic and necessary/contingent. I am not sure what the difference is but using ...

I found two essays on a kind of response to the Gettier problem. One is a Philosophy Now article, and another is a blog post. On both sources, they argue that Smith's belief (on the original Gettier ...

I have been thinking about the liar's paradox a lot lately (which I will post about soon), and I've run into a seemingly unrelated paradox. Consider this sentence: Falsity is both true and false. ...

Positivists have been criticised for their scientism when in fact it seems that antipositivists are the ones that support scientism. Positivist try to exclude things from the label science, knowledge ...

The long defended claim of Christian apologetics is the idea of an objective morality only being possible with God. It is at this point where an atheist/agnostic will bring up the Euthyphro Dilemma. ...

I've recently read a manga closely related to ethics here. In this manga, the old teacher mentions how our definition of "justice" seems to change from time to time. After afew re-reads, it ...

Despite him denying that he actually taught his followers anything and that they did everything on their own accord, what argument could be put forth that he was actually a teacher