Traditionally the branch of philosophy which dealt with these questions was called Axiology, which included ethics, aesthetics (the philosophy of art and beauty), and the overall question of happiness. Axiology was arguably the central topic of the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, The Epicureans, and the Stoics, and most of the Classical philosophers.
Contemporary philosophers tend to speak not just of Axiology, but of Value Theory, which would include not only the traditional questions of Axiology, but also economics and social perspectives on the question of value. Critical Theory and theories about justice can also be concerned with the questions you brought up, although seen from a group perspective, not an individual one.