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Physics and biology have no answer why or how we personally experience the color red and we say that the experience of the color red is a quale.
Physics also has no answer why or how we experience the flow of time. So is the experience of the flow of time also a quale?
Since the flow of time is so closely related to cause and effect (i.e. the cause cannot come after the effect), is our experience of cause and effect also a quale?
Yes, the flow of time is exactly of the nature of a qualia, but I dispute the idea that physics has no answer about how or why we experience it. The thing that one must accept first is the physicist's positivism: once you answer every question about the measurable attributes of the brain and behavioral states, you have given the answer all questions about the qualia, even though the map between the qualia categories and the measurable attributes might be complex.
The theory of mind that physicists usually accept without reservations is the computational theory of mind, which was proposed by Alan Turing in the 1940s. The computational theory of mind begins with the observation that a computer can simulate the behavior of any physical system, including a human being, and then makes the positivist claim (this shouldn't even have to be said) that if you have something behaving indistinguishably from a conscious person, it is a conscious person. Turing codified the positivism in the Turing test--- if the communication with the computational entity is indistinguishable from the communication with a person, one identifies the computational entity as a conscious thing, like a person. This is common sense, and it is not something I consider worthy of reasoned debate.
The computational theory of mind identifies the flow of time with the direction of the computation, the relation between inputs and outputs. In any physical computer, the computation must dump heat into the environment in order to keep its information from randomizing, so for a regular computation in time, this is the same as the entropy arrow of time. The identification of the entropic and conscious arrow of time follows.
The "feeling" of time passing is a high level property of the brain's computation, and it is a property of the software, or the mind, or the soul, I use all these terms interchangably because they are equivalent in the computational view. The software is abstract data, and the manipulations of this data can be described using larger qualia, which are just shorthands for classes of data stored in the software.
The embedding of the software into the physics matches the conscious time sense with the physical time sense. The main complicated stuff is in the software, not in the laws of physics. That the flow of time is not physics is manifested by its dependence on the mental state of the observer--- having a traumatic experience requiring immediate action, taking hallucinogenic drugs, falling ill, each of these can change the perception of time in drastic ways.
The feeling of time flow is so universal, and the changes in this flow in unusual states is so jarring to the individual, that many people look to physics for confirmation of the feeling that time is something fluid and unreal. They find false confirmation of this in relativity (which has nothing to do with the essentially nonrelativistic events in the brain's computation) and string theory, and this makes these topics more popular than type II superconductors, although these are equally interesting and both are about equally relevant to consciousness.
Anyway, the person who removed time flow from physics explicitly and put it into the mind is Ludwig Boltzmann, and once he did so, he was able to ask questions about Boltzmann brains. The concept of a Boltzmann brain (a brain emerging fully formed from a thermal state by a fluctuation, and feeling continuity with previous experience vastly removed in physical time) requires a separation of the sense of cause and effect or of time from the laws of physics. This is standard physics philosophy, it reappears in the many-worlds interpretation, which is controversial for reasons that have nothing to do with its computational theory of mind.
Frank, you made a good observation about the similarities between traditional qualia and the flow of time. As I understand it, anything that we experience has all of the necessary properties of a quale. Since we experience the flow of time, surely we can find things that are similar in this experience to other quale, surely with it the problems that come up in discussions of other quale.
Before I look into other similarities, let's first look at traditional quale, like color or taste. When I talk about the flavor of onions, it's difficult, maybe even impossible (for now, at least), to determine if that sensation is exactly the same as yours. And when I say blue, perhaps you're actually thinking of what I think of as red. As of yet, science hasn't given us the tools to compare these things. Personally, I think of this as the property of qualia that give them any weight, or philosophical meaning.
If we could compare color, then who would about the quale of color, then, right? Sure, they'd still be experience just the same, but when I hear qualia I immediately think of the subjective, incomparable nature of experience. If we could compare things, calling them qualia would seem inappropriate. I almost define qualia as our experience that we can't compare. If we take this definition, then the ability to compare colors would exclude them from the class of things that are qualia.
Anyway, back to time. When we the experience of time, it seems the only properties we could disagree on are the direction of flow and the rate of flow. Physics (in particular, thermodynamics and its irreversible processes) gives us reasons to think that time couldn't flow backwards. If you accept this as true (I don't think you need to, but you might be persuaded by physics), then you can only talk about the rate of flow. Could we disagree on the rate of flow? I think so. Perhaps what feels like an hour to me feels like a minute (how I experience it) to you.
Allow me to take a break for a moment to discuss cause and effect. In the simplest form, cause and effect says nothing about rate of processes occurring. It refers solely to the direction of time flow. Accordingly, if you happen to be persuaded by physics that we physically could not experience time in the other way, then it seems that cause and effect loses that fundamental of quale: the inability to compare. If everyone experiences time in the same direction, and we know this, then who cares? It'd be like being able to compare colors above.
Anyway, back to the flow of time. Up until now, there seems to be no reason to distinguish the experience of the flow of time from other qualia. But I'm wondering if it'd be possible for us to determine the rate of flow for an individual? Perhaps from something like brain waves or properties of your neurons? Might there be something which we can now observe that would lead us to think that someone is actually experiencing time faster.
An example I'm thinking about would be someone who has faster reflexes than someone else. Now, there are at least two types of examples that could lead someone to have faster reflexes. The first is that they have simply have more neural connectivity that allows this person to perform a given activity faster. The other possibility would be two people who have identical neural structures, yet one is lacking myelin sheaths. Instances of the second sort seem more important to this discussion. In the first case, the electrons in the brain are traveling at the same speed, they just have further to go. In the second case, the electrons actually are moving slower.
But the question remains as to whether or not we would experience time slower if the electrons in our brain were going slower. I'd like to think that it would. We have reason to believe that all our experiential processing happens in our brain, so surely if our brain was processing things slower that would lead to a sluggish experience of time? This hinges on electrons being the mediating particle in brain processing, which I'm not sure we have any strong reason to believe. But it seems possible.
Maybe you disagree or are unconvinced. That is completely fine. I'm just writing some thoughts I found interesting and relevant to your question. I hope you at least find them interesting, if not convincing. =)
When looking at an ambiguous image of a cube (the Necker cube), there is something it is like to interpret it as a cube that you're looking down on, and there is something it is like to interpret it as a cube that you're looking up to. There's also something it is like to not interpret it as a cube at all, to just see a collection of lines or pixels. The first two experiences involve some higher-level interpretation of the raw sense data, relying on an internal three-dimensional model of the outside world. One might argue that perceiving the flow of time, or cause and effect, is similar -- there is something it is like to have this experience, but we do not perceive the flow of time or cause and effect directly in our sense data, just as we don't experience the three-dimensional nature of space directly through our vision. The experience relies on interpretation using some internal model of the outside world.
Not everyone is likely to agree with this though; in particular, I believe some A-theorists have argued for the A-theory of time based on the direct experience of the flow of time.
