Questions tagged [truth]
Theories of truth deal with questions such as: what are truths? what makes them true? what is the relation between truths and the things that makes them true? Not to be confused with "what is the truth", which is a completely different matter.
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Basic truths as self-justified or parajustified
Some foundationalists maintain that basic truths are self-justifying, which means they are allowing, in some exceptional cases at least, a form of circular reasoning; petitio principii or begging the ...
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"Truth" as a description of our cognition versus "truth" as a description of reality
In reading about the feud of foundationalism, infinitism and coherentism, there seems to be some arguments based on how cognition/reasoning works. However, an argument of the form (vaguely put by me) ...
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How does one experientially know if his analysis on any subject is correct?
I will limit this question to matters in which there does seem to be a correct answer, and will leave matters that are subjective in its nature such as morality aside. In matters that involve getting ...
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Is perspectivism a subtype of relativism?
This question is motivated by a comment discussion from my previous question. From this article that was linked in a comment:
“Perspectivism, or scientific relativism, is never relative to a subject: ...
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Does relativism deny or accept the existence of an objective truth?
I am a bit confused about what is the position of relativism with respect to objective truths.
Protagoras was the foundational relativist philosopher:
According to Plato, Protagoras thought:
Each ...
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Is there any philosophical English term close to greek aletheia/alethes ( ἀλήθεια/ α-ληθές)?
Aletheia means unveiled mystery, not secret, disclosed facts and intentions, how something works and how it does not work, how it does exist and how it does not exist.
"To say of what is that it ...
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What is the meaning of assertion?
I often see the word "assertion" in books of philosophy of language or logic. They may list a sentence like
Snow is white.
Then somewhere in the context, they may write "assertion of ...
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Is this a way to solve to Russell's/"liar paradox"? [closed]
So only liar paradox
Liar said: Im liar
or little easy
lie is existing ...
as Gödel sad you can't fix paradox in it's own space, so you need a protospace.obviously.
Okey, lets talk about what is a lie....
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Pragmatism vs Truth: Does evolution prioritise one over the other?
Pragmatism:
Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found ...
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Metaphysics and truth of propositions
Currently i'm reading about truth in metaphysics, but I'm getting stuck with the wording on the truth of propositions.
Are these pairs of propositions saying the same thing?
(a.1.) It is a possible ...
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Good reasoning vs necessary truth-preservation vs validity
On pages 19-20 of Logic: The Laws of Truth, Smith argues that "good reasoning" cannot be equated with the properties of necessary truth-preservation (NTP) or validity on the following ...
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Lumen naturale, Lumen gratiae, Lumen fidei, what are they?
Unfortunately, I'm unable to locate a good source to cite on these terms you see in the question title.
Below is a short abstract based on Google.
Natural light (lumen naturale), equivalent to lumen ...
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What is the difference between a tautological corresponding conditional and (P v ~P)?
The Wikipedia article on the corresponding conditional contains the following sentence:
An argument is valid if and only if its corresponding conditional is a logical truth.
Some sources use "...
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What is "the problem of the criterion" and how does the Stoic solution of catalepsis attempt to solve it?
The concept of truth criteria appeared while browsing the Wikipedia article on Truth. What is the motivation behind this problem? Why is it important? In addition to the two questions in the title.
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What philosophy principles fit with "there is no reason, just position"?
One of the top authors in Asia, Ni Kuang, mentioned, "I don't usually discuss religion or politics in public, because there is no 'reasons' -- there is only 'position'", meaning if you are ...
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If something is necessarily true, is it probably true?
Suppose I were to say "2+2=4 is probably true". Would that be incorrect, since it is necessarily true? I believe "probably true" means "there is a greater than 50% chance it ...
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The intensionality of modal logic
What exactly makes modal logic intensional? In what follows, for illustration, I will focus on propositional modal logic (MPL).
I know that the modal operators in MPL are intensional since the truth ...
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Is it possible to quantify or even just suggest when someone is to blame for being tricked?
Is it possible to quantify or even just suggest when someone is to blame for being tricked? It is a common adage that gullible people are to blame for it, even if it is not exactly immoral to be ...
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Are well formed "if, then" statements non-contigent truths?
Say I have a little unease with statements like "the world follows/obeys the law of non-contradiction, so x". But statements like "if the world obeys the lnc, then x", appear so ...
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Platonic truths without math, logic, ethics, or analyticity?
I take it that logic and math can conceivably produce truths independent of humans (platonic truths), and probably ethics and maybe analyticity can as well. Ethical truths might conceivably be ...
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Justification of the material conditional truth function in Introduction to Formal Logic
Pages 150-151 of §18.3 of Introduction to Formal Logic by Peter Smith provide two justifications for the truth table of the material conditional.
In the first justification (paragraph (a) - (c) on pg. ...
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When I present information (to myself or others), e.g. by making a statement, is this accompanied by another statement, that what I said is true?
When I make a first-order claim like, "The sky is cloudy right now," is this claim implicitly accompanied by a second-order claim like, "What I just said is true/not a lie"? Or ...
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Truth-functional vs non-truth functional conditionals
I'm struggling to understand truth functionality.
I know that a connective is truth-functional if the truth value of a compound statement formed with that connective is completely determined by the ...
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What we can prove mathematically only applies to the system of logic used and mathematics, and not the world itself?
What we can prove mathematically only applies to the system of logic used and mathematics, and not the world itself? I am wondering if what we prove mathematically, only applies for the mathematical ...
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Normative philosophy vs descriptive philosophy
I am making the question in simple terms to avoid logical ambiguity.
IS normative philosophy(what should be) a subset of descriptive philosophy (What is) ?
Is morality/ethics beauty/happiness is also ...
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What mathematical models can we use to represent the truth value of an opinion?
What mathematical models can we use to represent the truth value of an opinion? Obviously, I don't think we can use boolean, except in cases where the opinion of a person represent a statement of fact,...
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If something is not real even to worlds that are not real, what is it? [closed]
Suppose you have a world that has demons, angels, and superhumans. All of these things are not real. But, in unreal, you have things that are not real even in the unreal world. Such as a giant 9000 ...
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How can there be any necessarily true propositions?
How can any proposition be necessarily true when there always seems to be a possible world in which it may be false?
For example the proposition that "4+4=8" is given to be a necessarily ...
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What qualifies as being 'part of' the state of affairs for an event?
In the book "Norms and Actions" by Georg Henrik Von Wright, an event is said to be an ordered pair of states of affairs, where the initial state of affairs transitions or changes to an end ...
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Is there any relevance to set theory and level of truthfulness when comparing the truth values across several logic systems?
Is there any relevance to set theory and level of truthfulness when comparing the truth values across several logic systems? Can't word it any better, so I will try to explain what I mean. So there ...
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Why is truth considered a value in Western Philosphy?
In general I notice that a lot of Western philosophy emphasizes truth as a value.
For example, John Vervaeke argues truth as value using the following argument (to paraphrase):
"Would you want to ...
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How reliable is logic?
The reasons I think that logic is not enough to find the truth are:
I sometimes conclude that something is 100% true, and can be observed easily; as it is based on logic, and then people don't ...
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Is "This sentence is written in English" nonsense?
Wittgenstein and many others have said that our language gives the appearance of truth to some nonsense.
Do you think the very simple "This sentence is written in English." is such nonsense ...
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What should a person do?
Edit 1: As pointed out in the comments, the question implies the existence of a purpose and agency so I would like to re-phrase the question to match what I'm after:
What should a person do? (What is ...
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Is there such a thing as N-valued logic?
Is there such a thing as N-valued logic, N being above 5 since there exist 3-valued and 4-valued logic. I am asking, because after true, false and neither, the additional truth value basically don't ...
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Is this spreading a lie considered lying?
So if person A is fed false information by person B, and person A goes on to tell this information to person C in the best way possible in the exact way they heard it are they lying? Person A would be ...
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What is the difference between a Belief and Truth
I was interested in the definition of truth, i followed this post
What is the difference between Fact and Truth?
what I understood is that truth is anything I believe in or appears to be accurate ...
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Difference between Truth and Fact [duplicate]
I was interested in the difference between truth and fact. For me, truth is a belief that appears to be from a perspective. and a fact is an undeniable reality.
Is this way of thinking correct? How ...
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What is consciousness? Is it the ultimate reality of our universe? What implications do the various theories of consciousness have on human life?
Does a child has more consciousness associated with her or her adult form?
What about her foetus? If her foetus is not yet properly developed (it has just accumulated a bit more mass and complexity ...
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If the Continuum's cardinality could physically change because of a physical manifestation of forcing
Suppose that the Continuum has a specific cardinality assigned to it when it exists "in" a physical universe. (This, or a similar-sounding supposition, occurs frequently enough in the ...
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Can metaphysics ever find real truth?
I'm aware, on a conceptual level, of what metaphysics is, but have no actual knowledge of the subject. Despite that, I've recently been better acquainted with the study, and it seems like something I ...
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Is a decision made before the rationalization?
Well, I was listening to a podcast in Spanish and a great scientist was saying that there are studies that are seeing that decision making is not as rational as we think it is. He says that the moment ...
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Does Gödel’s findings boil down to part of classical mathematics (as opposed to computation) is flawed?
According to artificial intelligence researcher Joscha Bach, only classical mathematics is affected by Gödel’s incompleteness theorem however not computation where calculations are performed in a step-...
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What do poststructuralists mean by "power legitimates itself"?
"The post-structuralists assert that in any culture power legitimates itself through its connection to the validating mechanism for truth claims."
How is it possible to use truth as an ...
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Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem: How can truth go deeper than proof?
My current understanding:
Math starts with a set of basic (purportedly self-evident) statements that are taken as a given without the need to prove them true, like e.g., a + b = b + a etc. Such ...
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Who first defined truth as "adæquatio rei et intellectus"?
António Manuel Martins claims (@44:41 of his lecture "Fonseca on Signs") that the origin of what is now called the correspondence theory of truth,
Veritas est adæquatio rei et intellectus.
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Truth vs Knowledge
I'm a little confused when philosophers speak of truth and knowledge. Is there any meaningful difference between truth and knowledge in epistemology? Or are they really the same thing, since false ...
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How can you know if your judgment is unbiased?
If one want to develop the skill that optimises the efficiency of the constant feedback loop that we engage in with ourselves (with intentions of self-development or a better understanding of the ...
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How Exactly Do You Define Truth?
I've been trying to learn about the multiple theories of truth and I've taken a look at the popular Stanford article. The first section has this to say about the neo-classical theories of truth:
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What is the reasoning behind vacuous truths? [duplicate]
Vacuous truths assert that an entire proposition is true even if the antecedent is false.
Take the following proposition..
"If I am a toilet paper roll then I am a flying guitar"
The ...
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