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There is no royal road to geometry, and philosophy is no different. There is no such book, I am afraid, even if you did focus just on Western philosophy, or even on philosophy of mathematics only. Also, philosophy is not mathematics or science, surveys and commentary are not enough to get the "gist". It is as much in the original context as it is in the ...
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The scholarly material I have come across is in academic journals :
1.Five Proofs of the Existence of God by Edward Feser
Review by: Ricardo Barroso Batista
Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, T. 74, Fasc. 1, Pierre Duhem e Ernst Mach: Ciência e Filosofia / Pierre Duhem and Ernst Mach: Science and Philosophy (2018), pp. 333-338.
2.The Last Superstition: A ...
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There could be difficulty in finding precise comments by both Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas on 'boredom', as generally conceived as "being weary due to being unoccupied or lacking interest in one's current activity." However, this does not mean that we cannot infer what their thoughts could have been concerning boredom from what it is that they have ...
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The existent
'God created existence' : (a) God created everything that is not-God, e.g., the world, persons, time, space. Perhaps this is better expressed as 'God created all existing non-God things'. An oddly worded statement but from God-as-Transcendent viewpoint, not otherwise objectionable.
If God created Godself and is causa sui, self-caused, as ...
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As a trivial solution to get things started, may I recommend the language consisting only of true statements? Determining whether any statement is part of the language is precisely as difficult as proving whether the statement is true or not. It'd be a very useful language!
Practically speaking, I believe we avoid such systems because they don't suit our ...
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A giant book that is the starting point of modern philosophy of logic and mathematics is : Russell, Principles of Mathematics. (see at Archive.org).
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truth is outside of god, which seems weird?
When the word 'god' does not indicate 'the ultimate' and you analyze it that way, your statement -- 'Truth is outside of god', is true. So it is not weird.
When you believe that 'God is Truth.', that Truth can't be outside of God. There are slight differences while 'defining' the term 'God' by different ...
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I would say that most well-informed books on religion are concerned with identifying mental traps and helping us avoid them. The traps that you mention in the question are for the most part fallen into by believers rather than taught by their Church, and much religious writing is intended to help them escape from such traps.
The best 'trap-avoider' I've ...
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Rather than asking what books to read, because there are so many places to start, one way of approaching it to pick a subject/author and read an author of an antithetical argument.
If you can observe this dualism, read "old school" and "new school" philosophers as well.
If you can observe this, then read both academic and non-academic sources as well.
In ...
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I would like suggest Mortimer Adler's book, How to Read a Book. It is a classic impressive reference for rigorous analysis of any text.
In fact, Adler worked hard to popularize Philosophy.
I hope you will enjoy this book.
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