Many modern scientific concepts like evolutionary universe, relativism of time, multiverses are discussed pretty clearly in Hinduism. You can check out this link for cosmology in Hinduism - Hindu Cosmology. But Even a lot of species of extra-terrestrial beings are described in the Puranas, residing in their own universes here.
But some concepts like geocentrism, arrangement of planets in the solar system, and cause of eclipses contradict modern cosmology, which apologists try to explain by alternate interpretation of texts. There are some groups which follow the literal interpretation of texts, and deny the current scientific consensus.