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Starting from Aristotle, science is a branch of philosophy, the branch that attempts to explain actual outcomes. 'The Physics' is as much a physics as any later one, but it failed to really respect observation and experiment. So it evolved and was replaced by things that worked better.

It is common now to think of things like Alchemy as simply never having been science. But Newton took Alchemy quite seriously, and it did have actual productive discoveries.

For us to retroactively redefine 'science' by looking backward from a place where we have centuries more experience with what does and does not work is intellectually dishonest. All of this stuff was science.

But nothing has changed the fact that science relates to logic, uses learning, has human processes, etc. It needs an ontology, an epistemology, and to some degree even a prescriptive politics (with a moral obligation to honest disputation, a proper structure for peer review institutions, etc.). So all science takes place within a broader philosophy, and can only ever be part of a philosophical system.

Starting from Aristotle, science is a branch of philosophy, the branch that attempts to explain actual outcomes. 'The Physics' is as much a physics as any later one, but it failed to really respect observation and experiment. So it evolved and was replaced by things that worked better.

It is common now to think of things like Alchemy as simply never having been science. But Newton took Alchemy quite seriously, and it did have actual productive discoveries.

For us to retroactively redefine 'science' by looking backward from a place where we have centuries more experience with what does and does not work is intellectually dishonest. All of this stuff was science.

But nothing has changed the fact that science relates to logic, uses learning, has human processes, etc. It needs an ontology, an epistemology, and to some degree even a prescriptive politics (with a moral obligation to honest disputation, a proper structure for peer review institutions, etc.). So all science takes place within a broader philosophy, and can only ever be part of a philosophical system.

Starting from Aristotle, science is a branch of philosophy, the branch that attempts to explain actual outcomes. 'The Physics' is as much a physics as any later one, but it failed. So it evolved and was replaced by things that worked better.

It is common now to think of things like Alchemy as simply never having been science. But Newton took Alchemy quite seriously, and it did have actual productive discoveries.

For us to retroactively redefine 'science' by looking backward from a place where we have centuries more experience with what does and does not work is intellectually dishonest. All of this stuff was science.

But nothing has changed the fact that science relates to logic, uses learning, has human processes, etc. It needs an ontology, an epistemology, and to some degree even a prescriptive politics (with a moral obligation to honest disputation, a proper structure for peer review institutions, etc.). So all science takes place within a broader philosophy, and can only ever be part of a philosophical system.

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user9166
user9166

Starting from Aristotle, science is a branch of philosophy, the branch that attempts to explain actual outcomes. 'The Physics' is as much a physics as any later one, but it failed to really respect observation and experiment. So it evolved and was replaced by things that worked better.

It is common now to think of things like Alchemy as simply never having been science. But Newton took Alchemy quite seriously, and it did have actual productive discoveries.

For us to retroactively redefine 'science' by looking backward from a place where we have centuries more experience with what does and does not work is intellectually dishonest. All of this stuff was science.

But nothing has changed the fact that science relates to logic, uses learning, has human processes, etc. It needs an ontology, an epistemology, and to some degree even a prescriptive politics (with a moral obligation to honest disputation, a proper structure for peer review institutions, etc.). So all science takes place within a broader philosophy, and can only ever be part of a philosophical system.