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What are other elements other than time and space that are said to have dimensions? Most laypeople would say that only space can have dimensions since when we say 3d we immediately think of space, but some people also argue that time can have dimensions. What are other things that are thought to have dimensions in philosophy by some people?

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  • I have an unclear memory of modality as an example in a theory described on the SEP. I'll try to find the exact citation...
    – Kristian Berry
    Commented Mar 3, 2021 at 3:48
  • plato.stanford.edu/entries/two-dimensional-semantics is close to what I'm thinking of, I think 🤔
    – Kristian Berry
    Commented Mar 3, 2021 at 3:52
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    Anything parametrized by variable(s), phase space (6D for one classical particle), color space (2D), semantic space (2D), etc.
    – Conifold
    Commented Mar 3, 2021 at 10:27
  • Hilbert space, with dimension of the degrees of freedom. You might also like to consider the string generalisation of additional spatial dimensions & their functions phys.org/news/2014-12-universe-dimensions.html Following Noether's theorem, I'd suggest all dimensions are emergent symmetries, and emergent symmetries are dimensions (or pseudo-dimensions, or constraints). The core of what you ask, is about what 'real' means. Is the probability space of a system 'real'? What if it couldn't be calculated with all the atoms/quantum states in the universe? Is it less real? Is it 'somewhere'?
    – CriglCragl
    Commented Mar 3, 2021 at 12:16
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    It can be difficult with theories in physics to distinguish between representational devices and actual claims about the nature of the world the theory is describing. E.g. classical mechanics is frequently carried out using a very high d. phase space in which the system being represented is a point - but it is not usually taken to be claiming that the world actually is a point in vhd space. S/GR however are generally taken to say the world is a 4d spacetime with signature -+++. Whether QM claims that world actually is a ray in a high d Hilbert space or not is a live and open question.
    – Rollo Burgess
    Commented Mar 3, 2021 at 15:27

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Any thing with several totally different and unrelated quantifiable features can be classified and studied by treating those features as dimensions. For example, a song can have mood (passion, angry, joyful, melancholy, etc) and genre (jazz, rock country, soul, rap, etc) as its 2 different unrelated features each of which can be somehow technically ordered and thus quantifiable. Then Pandora or Spotify may use AI to map all the songs in their database and recommend one for a user based on the least distance in this 2-d feature "space" to the song already picked by the user before.

Any meaningful substance existed in philosophy usually has a complete set of many or uncountably infinitely many features (also called properties, attributes, characteristics, etc), so in this sense any real substance has its own "nd phase space" borrowed from maths jargon.

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The word "dimension" has various usages. Some are of greater philosophical interest than others.

It is often used as a metaphor. For example a famous aeroplane designer once remarked that "Every aeroplane has four dimensions; length, breadth, height and politics".

In mathematics, you can have any number of spatial dimensions you want; theoretical physics can run into double figures. Some theories may occasionally add an extra time dimension - or treat even the one as an emergent property of some timeless fundamental reality.

More generally, in mathematics and engineering, degrees of freedom are sometimes referred to as dimensions. For example, a mechanical flight simulator can not only move in three orthogonal directions but can also rotate about three different axes, giving it six degrees of freedom in all; this is often referred to as full six-dimensional motion.

More generally still, anything treated using similar equations to those of geometry will be talked of as having dimensions, sometimes with the caveat that these are not spatial dimensions as such. An example is provided by linear programming, where the number of dimensions corresponds to the number of variables being optimised.

In mysticism and metaphysics, an immaterial realm is usually postulated, and this often has a duplicate set of the familiar dimensions of physical spacetime. Indeed, many such realms may be stacked up. Back in 1927, J.W. Dunne proposed an infinite series of time dimensions in An Experiment with Time, along with an infinite series of levels of the mind to go with them. Several subsequent writers either accepted or seriously considered his second level of time, as the only meaningful dimension beyond the physical, but rejected all the rest.

The borderline between speculative physical theories and unfalsifiable metaphysics can be a narrow and contentious one.

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    Note that Kant held, "Time is one-dimensional," to be synthetic a priori. So from his POV, maybe, "Time is n-dimensional," could be analytically imagined for all n, even if no deeper significance could be attached to such a claim (no principle of possible experience required).
    – Kristian Berry
    Commented Mar 3, 2021 at 15:25
  • Thanks for addressing translational and rotational dimensions. I found the notion trippy back in high school that space had four dimensions and six dimensions simultaneously. :D
    – J D
    Commented Nov 19, 2021 at 14:59

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