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You're missing likelihood and this comes from what we already know and understand about the world. In that world no-one would bother formulating a null hypothesis about the existence or non-existence …

Democritus wrote about soul or thought atoms. He was a committed materialist. Nevertheless the most well-known presentation of his thought, Lucretious De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) contain …

An interesting parallel here is with the debate on an earlier global climate problem. This was the effect of CFCs on the ozone layer and motivated an international consensus to limit and phase out the …

Foucault understood knowledge not merely to be disinterested enquiry but also a way of exerting power. Here, he's not talking about the power to inform or educate but the kind of power that places peo …

Empiricism, in its most bald and simplest version - in Hegel, this is his notion of Sense-Certainty cannot say anything other that here it is, or there it was; one cannot move from 'a bottle' to even …

Inconsistent theories do not mean that they are trivial, but they may be. For example in classical propositional logic once a contradiction is admitted the theory becomes trivial and essentially usele …

In Hegels Logic, there is the following in the introduction to the first book on Being: So much is logic natural to the human being, indeed is his very nature. If however we contrast nature as suc …

Descartes borrowed a thought experiment from Avicenna, his floating man thought experiment, which for Descartes became the starting point for his cogito, the foundation stone for his theory of knowled …

Not as far as I know. The most successful illustration is the AdS/CFT duality which basically says two theories are dual to each other, that is they can be transformed into each other and therefore de …

Let's take quantum gravity as an example; this is the research programme that looks at unifying two classical theories - Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity; despite immense effort there is still …

Most educated people think the flat earth theory is a joke. But actually it is scientific. At first glance, the earth looks flat. And this is a useful approximation in many Newtonian problems. Of cour …

I don't have a answer for you in the terms that are asked for, but there is an observation by Aristotle (Physics VIII.3) that you might find apposite: As for movement, it would be strange if we f …