All Questions
Tagged with terminology logic
99 questions
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Can logical assertions be read as not having some or any implications?
Is there a way to restrict the implication of a claim? In other words, is it possible to express truths in logic that do not have logical implications, and if so does this have a name in logic and ...
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How should the footnote to BXVIII & BXIX in Kant's first Critique be understood? Does it even make sense?
Note: I am avoiding the typical use of object and subject as observed and observer since it can become exceedingly confusing in this context. I use topic in place of object.
The footnote to BXVIII &...
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What does the term "mathematical logic" mean?
What is "mathematical logic"? Is it the logic of mathematical reasoning, or is it the claim that mathematics and logic are identical?
Also, is "quantificational logic" a particular type of "...
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How does "if p, then q" compare to "p only if q"?
How do the statements if p then q and p only if q compare
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What do the meanings of ponens and tollens have to do with Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens? [closed]
There are two inference rules in propositional logic called Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens. I was wondering how the meanings of ponens and tollens have to do with the rules? That is, how does the ...
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Does logic have a more proper word to mean something similar to dilemma but neutral?
Section 7.8 The Dilemma of Copi's Introduction to Logic says:
The dilemma is a common form of argument in ordinary language. It is, in essence, an
argumentative device in which syllogisms on the ...
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8
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Is this a fallacy: "A woman is an adult who identifies as female in gender"? [closed]
The phrase tries to avoid the overt circular definition found in the variant, "a woman is anyone who identifies as a woman", by swapping woman with female in gender. But is that still a ...
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Nomenclature for AND-operation on boolean reasoning
I develop a computer program to summarize a boolean decision. This program takes into account operators AND and OR. For the OR-operator, I can call it alternative, since this is how grammar rules call ...
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2
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How does assignment work? [closed]
The only place that 'assignment' is dealt with in any kind of formal context is in formal logic, the idea of a variable assignment function is one I wish to understand in simple terms to allow me to ...
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Cause-effect fallacy
Person A: "Why is 1 + 1 = 2?"
Person B: "Because if you collect one apple, and then collect
another apple, 1 apple + 1 apple = 2 apples, so you now have 2 apples
in total"
The ...
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What fallacy is this: "The poor worry. The rich don't worry. If you want to be rich, don't worry"
If one were to reason that most poor people worry about money and most UBER-wealthy people don't worry about money, and they want to be UBER-wealthy, than they should simply not worry about money...
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Is '=' a relationship between the objects or their expressions?
The Wikipedia definiton of equality gives it as a 'relationship between two expressions'
This confuses me as when we define mathematical expressions like 2+2=4 it makes no sense to say that '=' or '...
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Is a variable simply a symbol?
If a 'variable assignment' function maps from a set of symbols, would it be correct to formulate a variable as simply a particular symbol that performs the role of a variable in my language? So when ...
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Can an 'abstract object' be a collection of constituent parts?
When I ask this, the use of collection or set is not necessarily 'mathematical', so if in this case I mean a collection of ideas that encapsulate it, 'make up' the idea in the same way the various ...
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What is the meaning of "predicate" in this definition?
I have trouble understanding the article on existence in this Philosophy dictionary.
Instantiation in reality, or actual being. Kant pointed out that
existence is not a predicate.
What is the ...
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'for some x' statements [duplicate]
What is the correct understanding of the phrase 'for some x' in logical definitions? For example sometimes I've seen it as 'for some (values of) x' and others in uses such as 'there exists some x such ...
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In simple terms, what is the difference between logic in mathematics and philosophy?
I want to understand the difference between mathematical and philosophical logic. I actually thought they were the same till I read this post. Concisely speaking, what is the difference between how a ...
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General analysis of logical explosions
I've seen the word explosion used in basic logic and deontic logic. The commonality seems to be an explosion is when the 'topic' of a logic universally applies, i.e. everything can be inferred or ...
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Is mathematical induction deduction, and if so, why is it so named?
By induction, I mean this screenshot from this Youtube video
Abduction as an Aspect of Retroduction | Chiasson, Phyllis | Commens
Induction:
The prefix “in,” also from the Latin has to do with ...
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The application of logic to the metaphor of glass half full or half empty [closed]
If there is optimistic, pessimistic, and realistic, what would be the most logical way of defining unrealistic?
For example, the optimistic says the glass is half full.
The pessimistic says the glass ...
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Can you explain the problem with Aristotle's doctrine of terms presented in this excerpt?
I'm really confused about the second paragraph. This is form Kenny's "A New History of Philosophy".
"One of the dysfunctional features of the doctrine of terms is that it fosters ...
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2
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1
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? as a logical connective
I am reading Doubt Truth to be a Liar by Graham Priest. In it he uses the symbol ? as a logical connective, and I am unsure of it's meaning.
Given his use of ? (a ? a) to denote the Law of Identity, ...
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Is Russell's "(im)predicativity" terminology related to (or even derived from) Kant's "existence is not a predicate" argument?
I'm a mathematician who's generally ignorant of philosophy, so forgive me if my question is a bit sloppy. I'm really trying to ask about a historical connection/context.
I recently encountered the ...
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Arguing / Pretending as an Opponent Speaker
What do you call a person or the strategy where the speaker acts as the opponent to know the issue at hand better (as an opponent). For instance, a Vegan (person X) can argue with another Vegan, ...
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Material vs formal logic?
I would like to know how material logic differs from formal logic.
From the little that I'm aware of, it is apparently the case that material logic concerns itself with the truth of the content of an ...
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What does it mean for an axiom to be logical?
I have recently been hearing the phrase logical axiom being thrown around in reference to the philosophy of mathematics and I'm having a hard time understanding what one might mean when they are using ...
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Is there a name for an argument like "A implies B; B implies A; therefore A"?
Is there a name for the following false syllogism?
A implies B
and
B implies A
therefore
A
For example: If unicorns exist then they have horns, by the definition of a unicorn. But in order for ...
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1
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What is the difference between "satisfaction" and "verification"?
In Chalmers paper, "consciousness and its place in nature", he makes the following statement:
We can say that if W (world) considered as actual makes S (a statement) true, then W verifies S....
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"This sentence is true". Is there a word for this class of statement?
Is there a term that means "A self referential statement which is true if (and because) it is true and false if (and because) it is false"?
"This sentence is a lie" is a paradox in ...
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Are all "actions" considered to be a type of "conditions"?
Are all "actions" considered to be a type of "conditions"? Let's take the following sentence:
"Each display and local field can contain one or more rules that
contain a set ...
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What does "aggregative mechanical thought" mean in Frege's works?
In *The Foundations of Arithmetic: A Logico-Mathematical Enquiry Into the Concept of Number" by G. Frege pages XV and XVi we read:
A typical crudity confronts me, when I find calculation
...
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What's the right term in logic for this phenomenon?
The statement "My mother is my parent" is always true, however, the opposite statement "My parent is my mother" is not always true because my father is also my parent.
What's the ...
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1
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What is "Can't make X? Don't criticize it." fallacy called?
What is the name of the fallacy that attempts to invalidate a criticism of an instance of doing an activity because one providing the criticism is not very proficient in said activity (or not doing it ...
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1
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Difference between implication/conditional and logical entailment?
What is the difference between the implication/conditional truth function and the notion of logical entailment?
My naive understanding as a computer programmer is that the conditional is a function ...
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What makes the material conditional material?
What makes the material conditional material (also called the material implication)?
What does this logical connective have to do with matter?
Googling doesn't seem to help.
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Modal Logics Isomorphisms
What does it mean to say that the different branches of modal logic (temporal, epistemic, etc.) are isomorphic? I looked for the answer on The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, but couldn't find ...
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Is the phrase "logic and reason" grammatically correct?
I have always interpreted logic to mean a systematic form (premise-reason-conclusion) of reason. So it seems that you are saying one word (reason) and a branch of that word (logic). But the "and" ...
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Analogy of Set and Subset and Contracts in abstracto and Marriage in concreto/in particular
I had a talk with a professor of family law and we are frequently told that there are general ordinances for contracts in general and particular ordinances for marriage.
I am problematised by the ...
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Does philosophy belong to empirical science or formal science?
According to Wikipedia, science
can be divided into empirical
science (such as natural science and
social science) and formal
science (such as mathematics,
logic, statistics). I was wondering
if ...
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What is an enumerative definition?
W. Kent Wilson in his book argues for developing an enumerative definition of concepts. An enumerative definition formulates its meaning by enumerating the objects or phenomena that fall under the ...
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What did Gödel mean by "positive property" in his ontological argument?
In his ontological proof, Gödel states (Axiom 1)
If a property is positive, then its negation is not positive.
What does he meant by this term? I have come across authors who replace this notion ...
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Is it true that an argument cannot be both inductive and cogent?
I have been asked a question in class where we would need to pick out the false statement from a given set of options. The problem is that I am not really sure why my answer was wrong?
Here is the ...
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The name for an anticipatory counter-argument?
There's the argument ad absurdum along with several other kind of reasoning.
What is the name for a forestalling counter-argument - an argument put forward pre-emptively in anticipation of an ...
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What is the meaning of "comprehension" in logic?
I was reading about the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory and the axiom of restricted comprehension. This led me to find out what the meaning of this word is and why it's called this. Then I saw ...
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Who invented definitions?
Is an intensional genus–differentia definition an invention of ancient greek philosopy?
"Chair is a seat typically having four legs and a back for one person"
Have you seen definitions like this ...
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3
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Interpretation and symbolic notations of operations in mathematics
As we know a mathematical operation is a function. And a function is a special type of relation. Ultimately a relation is a set of ordered pairs.
For example, what is addition of natural numbers? At ...
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Why did Aristotle choose the terms 'Major Term' and 'Minor Term'?
I have not (yet) studied Ancient Greek. This comment introduced me to the pertinence of Aristotle's Prior Analytics, but the translation and commentary below do not answer question entitled above.
...
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Extreme examples for exploring the scope of statements - does this technique have a name? - Is it a fallacy?
When discussing opinions with friends, I often resort to making extreme scenarios out of their opinions in an attempt to investigate the limits within which their statements hold true (to them). ...
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What is this argument called?
What do you call an argument where you try to invalidate criticism of a narrative work (I'm not sure what the correct term is to describe it) by using fact or explanation from the narrative work ...
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What kind of an argument is this? [closed]
A is probable because of B.
B is probable because of C.
C is true, therefore A is probable.
What type of argument or inference is this?
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